مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	Points of Attachment Index	Team Identification-Social Psychological Health Model
حوزه	Sport Leisure Studies	Sport Leisure Studies
خانواده	Latent structure	Latent structure
سال پیدایش	2003	2006
پدیدآور	Galen T. Trail, Matthew J. Robinson, Ronald J. Dick & Andrew J. Gillentine	Daniel L. Wann
نوع	Multidimensional latent-construct measurement scale	Mediational model linking identification to well-being via social connections
منبع بنیادین	Trail, G. T., Robinson, M. J., Dick, R. J., & Gillentine, A. J. (2003). Motives and Points of Attachment: Fans Versus Spectators in Intercollegiate Athletics. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 12(4), 217-227.	Wann, D. L. (2006). Understanding the positive social psychological benefits of sport team identification: The team identification-social psychological health model. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 10(4), 272-296.
نام‌های دیگر	PAI, Points of Attachment Scale, Multidimensional Sport Attachment Measure, Trail Points of Attachment	TI-SPH Model, Team Identification-Social Psychological Health, Wann's Team Identification Health Model
مرتبط	4	3
خلاصه	The Points of Attachment Index (PAI) is a multidimensional measurement instrument, developed by Galen Trail, Matthew Robinson, Ronald Dick, and Andrew Gillentine in 2003, that captures the several distinct objects to which sport fans become psychologically attached. Where earlier work treated fan identification as attachment to the team alone, the PAI recognizes that an individual may identify with the players, the coach, the surrounding community, the sport itself, the university or organization, and the level of sport, in addition to the team. Each of these objects is measured as a separate reflective latent factor through multi-item survey scales and validated with confirmatory factor analysis. Robinson and Trail's 2005 study extended the index, showing how these points of attachment relate to spectator motives, gender, and sport preference, and how they differentially predict attendance, loyalty, and consumption behavior.	The Team Identification-Social Psychological Health (TI-SPH) model, proposed by Daniel Wann in 2006, explains why identifying with a sports team is associated with better psychological well-being. Its central claim is mediational: team identification does not improve well-being directly but does so by fostering social connections, which in turn support social psychological health. A fan who identifies with a team gains a ready-made social group, shared rituals, and a sense of belonging, and it is these connections — not the team's results — that yield the well-being benefits. Wann's model, published in Group Dynamics, drew on social identity theory and his earlier work measuring identification, and it made a crucial distinction between identification with a local team, which can produce enduring social connections, and identification with a distant team, which tends to produce only temporary ones. The framework reframed sport fandom from a potentially trivial or maladaptive pastime into a documented source of social-psychological benefit.