مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	سرقت علمی در پژوهش‌های دانشگاهی	فرایند بازپس‌گیری مقاله
حوزه	اخلاق انتشار	اخلاق انتشار
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1989	1948
پدیدآور	U.S. Office of Research Integrity (ORI) and institutional policies	Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE); Retraction Watch initiative
نوع	Standard	Process
منبع بنیادین	U.S. Office of Research Integrity (2023). Definition of Research Misconduct. Federal Policy on Research Misconduct (42 CFR Part 93). ORI.	Committee on Publication Ethics (2019). Retraction Guidelines. COPE.
نام‌های دیگر	Text Plagiarism, Idea Plagiarism, Self-Plagiarism	Retraction Notice, Paper Retraction, Correction Notice
مرتبط	4	4
خلاصه	Plagiarism—the use of others' words, ideas, or methods without attribution—is formally classified as research misconduct by the U.S. Office of Research Integrity and most institutions worldwide. It ranges from verbatim copying of text to paraphrasing without citation to presenting others' ideas as one's own. Unlike accidental omission of a citation (which is corrected via erratum), plagiarism implies intent or gross negligence and triggers investigation, potential retraction, and career consequences. Plagiarism detection tools (e.g., Turnitin, iThenticate) and manual checking by journals now routinely screen manuscripts.	An article retraction is the invalidation of a published article due to serious flaws (data fraud, major methodological errors, ethical violations) that undermine its conclusions. Retractions are distinct from corrections (which address minor errors) and are initiated by authors, editors, or institutions when integrity is compromised. The first modern retraction was published in 1948. COPE published formal Retraction Guidelines in 2009 (updated 2019) that specify when retraction is appropriate, how it is conducted, and how retraction notices are recorded. Retracted articles remain in the literature with a visible 'RETRACTED' watermark, preserving the scientific record and warning readers.