مقایسهٔ روشها
روشهای انتخابی خود را کنار هم مرور کنید؛ ردیفهای متفاوت برجسته شدهاند.
| یادداشتهای میدانی آزمایشی× | مشاهده غیرمشارکتی× | |
|---|---|---|
| حوزه | روششناسی پیمایش | روششناسی پیمایش |
| خانواده | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| سال پیدایش≠ | Field notes: early 20th century; pilot-testing protocols formalised mid-20th century | Formalized mid-20th century (Gold 1958); practice dates to late 19th-century social surveys |
| پدیدآور≠ | Ethnographic tradition (Bronislaw Malinowski, Robert Emerson et al.); pilot testing practice generalised across social sciences | Raymond Gold (role typology); earlier roots in social survey movement and Chicago School sociology |
| نوع≠ | Qualitative data collection technique | Qualitative / quantitative observational data collection |
| منبع بنیادین≠ | Emerson, R. M., Fretz, R. I., & Shaw, L. L. (2011). Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press. ISBN: 978-0226206837 | Gold, R. L. (1958). Roles in sociological field observations. Social Forces, 36(3), 217–223. DOI ↗ |
| نامهای دیگر≠ | pre-validated field notes, pilot field observation notes, trial-tested observational notes | detached observation, systematic observation, structured field observation, external observation |
| مرتبط≠ | 4 | 5 |
| خلاصه≠ | Pilot-tested field notes combine the classical ethnographic practice of systematic observational recording with a deliberate pre-validation phase. Before the main data collection begins, the researcher conducts one or more trial observation sessions to test and refine the note-taking protocol — assessing categories, focus areas, and recording conventions — so that the main fieldwork captures relevant data consistently and completely. | Non-participant observation is a data-collection method in which the researcher observes behavior, interactions, or events in a natural or structured setting without joining or influencing the activity under study. The observer maintains a deliberate distance from participants to minimize their own effect on the phenomena being recorded, producing field notes, behavioral tallies, or recordings that reflect naturally occurring behavior rather than behavior shaped by researcher involvement. |
| ScholarGateمجموعهداده ↗ |
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