مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	آزمایش میدانی آزمایشی	کارآزمایی تصادفی خوشه‌ای	آزمایش تصادفی کنترل‌شده (RCT)
حوزه	طراحی آزمایش	پژوهش بالینی	طراحی آزمایش
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Hypothesis test
سال پیدایش	Mid-20th century (systematised 1960s–1990s)	1999-2000	1948
پدیدآور	Rooted in Campbell & Stanley (1966) experimental design tradition; formalised in clinical and social research through the 20th century	Campbell, Grimshaw, Elbourne et al.	James Lind (early precursor, 1747); modern formulation: Austin Bradford Hill & Medical Research Council (1948)
نوع	Experimental design	Research Design	Interventional comparative study
منبع بنیادین	Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (1966). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research. Rand McNally. ISBN: 978-0395307878	Campbell, M. K., Grimshaw, J. M., & Elbourne, D. R. (2000). Intracluster correlation coefficients in cluster randomized trials: empirical insights into how should they be reported. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 4, 30.	Schulz, K.F., Altman, D.G., Moher, D., for the CONSORT Group (2010). CONSORT 2010 Statement: Updated Guidelines for Reporting Parallel Group Randomised Trials. BMJ, 340, c332.
نام‌های دیگر	pilot field trial, small-scale field experiment, feasibility field experiment, exploratory field experiment	CRT, cluster RCT, cluster trial, group randomization	RCT, randomised controlled trial, clinical trial, Randomize Kontrollü Çalışma (RCT) Tasarımı
مرتبط	3	3	7
خلاصه	A pilot field experiment is a small-scale, preliminary version of a planned full field experiment conducted in a naturalistic setting. It tests whether the intervention, randomisation procedure, measurement instruments, and logistical protocols are feasible before committing to a full-scale study. Results inform sample size calculations, refine treatment protocols, and identify procedural risks — saving resources and improving the quality of the definitive study.	A cluster randomized trial (CRT) randomizes intact groups—schools, clinics, villages, or hospital wards—rather than individuals. Developed by Campbell, Grimshaw, and colleagues in the late 1990s to address real-world settings where intervention delivery or contamination occurs at the group level, CRTs are now standard for evaluating population-level, community-based, and policy interventions.	A randomized controlled trial (RCT) is the gold standard experimental design in clinical and health research, in which participants are randomly allocated to a treatment group or a control group so that the effect of an intervention can be measured with the highest possible degree of internal validity. The modern parallel-group RCT was formalized by Austin Bradford Hill and the Medical Research Council in their landmark streptomycin trial of 1948, and its reporting is governed today by the CONSORT 2010 guidelines (Schulz et al., 2010).