مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	آزمایش میدانی آزمایشی	کارآزمایی تصادفی خوشه‌ای	آزمایش میدانی
حوزه	طراحی آزمایش	پژوهش بالینی	طراحی آزمایش
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	Mid-20th century (systematised 1960s–1990s)	1999-2000	1920s–1930s (agriculture); 1990s–2000s (social sciences)
پدیدآور	Rooted in Campbell & Stanley (1966) experimental design tradition; formalised in clinical and social research through the 20th century	Campbell, Grimshaw, Elbourne et al.	Formalized by R. A. Fisher (1935); systematized in social sciences by Harrison & List (2004)
نوع	Experimental design	Research Design	Experimental design
منبع بنیادین	Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (1966). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research. Rand McNally. ISBN: 978-0395307878	Campbell, M. K., Grimshaw, J. M., & Elbourne, D. R. (2000). Intracluster correlation coefficients in cluster randomized trials: empirical insights into how should they be reported. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 4, 30.	Harrison, G. W., & List, J. A. (2004). Field experiments. Journal of Economic Literature, 42(4), 1009–1055.
نام‌های دیگر	pilot field trial, small-scale field experiment, feasibility field experiment, exploratory field experiment	CRT, cluster RCT, cluster trial, group randomization	field trial, natural field experiment, randomized field experiment, field RCT
مرتبط	3	3	5
خلاصه	A pilot field experiment is a small-scale, preliminary version of a planned full field experiment conducted in a naturalistic setting. It tests whether the intervention, randomisation procedure, measurement instruments, and logistical protocols are feasible before committing to a full-scale study. Results inform sample size calculations, refine treatment protocols, and identify procedural risks — saving resources and improving the quality of the definitive study.	A cluster randomized trial (CRT) randomizes intact groups—schools, clinics, villages, or hospital wards—rather than individuals. Developed by Campbell, Grimshaw, and colleagues in the late 1990s to address real-world settings where intervention delivery or contamination occurs at the group level, CRTs are now standard for evaluating population-level, community-based, and policy interventions.	A field experiment applies the logic of a randomized controlled trial in a naturally occurring, real-world environment rather than an artificial laboratory. Participants are randomly assigned to treatment and control conditions while going about everyday activities, allowing researchers to estimate causal effects with high internal validity while preserving a level of ecological realism that laboratory settings cannot offer. The design is especially prominent in economics, public health, political science, and development research.