مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	Participatory Technology Assessment	Constructive Technology Assessment
حوزه	Science Technology Studies	Science Technology Studies
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1995	1995
پدیدآور	Danish Board of Technology tradition; Simon Joss, John Durant, Leonhard Hennen	Arie Rip & Johan Schot (Dutch CTA tradition)
نوع	Deliberative public-participation process	Co-evolutionary technology-shaping process
منبع بنیادین	Joss, S., & Durant, J. (Eds.). (1995). Public Participation in Science: The Role of Consensus Conferences in Europe. Science Museum. ISBN: 9780901805874	Schot, J., & Rip, A. (1997). The past and future of constructive technology assessment. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 54(2-3), 251-268.
نام‌های دیگر	pTA, Public technology assessment, Citizen technology assessment	CTA, Constructive TA, Co-evolutionary technology assessment
مرتبط	4	4
خلاصه	Participatory technology assessment (pTA) involves lay citizens and stakeholders—not only experts—in assessing the social, ethical, and political dimensions of technologies. Through structured deliberative formats such as consensus conferences, citizens' juries, and scenario workshops, ordinary people are informed, allowed to question experts, and helped to form and articulate a considered collective view, which is then fed into public and policy debate. pTA democratises technology assessment, treating the public not as a problem to be managed but as a legitimate voice in technological choices.	Constructive Technology Assessment (CTA) is an approach to assessing technology that seeks to influence its design and development, not merely to forecast its impacts after the fact. By broadening the design process to feed societal aspects back to engineers and decision-makers early—while the technology is still malleable—CTA aims to manage the co-evolution of technology and society and to soften the Collingridge dilemma, the bind in which a technology's effects are easy to change before they are known and hard to change once they are.