مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	قوم‌نگاری نهادی مشارکتی	قوم‌نگاری انتقادی
حوزه	کیفی	کیفی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1990s–2000s	Late 20th century (~1980s–1993 systematisation)
پدیدآور	Dorothy E. Smith (IE); participatory variant developed by Janet Rankin, Marie Campbell, and others in health and social sciences	Jim Thomas (systematised); rooted in Frankfurt School critical theory (Adorno, Horkheimer) and feminist/postcolonial traditions
نوع	Qualitative research design	Qualitative research method
منبع بنیادین	Smith, D. E. (2005). Institutional Ethnography: A Sociology for People. AltaMira Press. ISBN: 978-0759105010	Thomas, J. (1993). Doing Critical Ethnography. Sage Publications.
نام‌های دیگر	participatory IE, community-based institutional ethnography, collaborative institutional ethnography	critical ethnographic research, critical qualitative ethnography, advocacy ethnography, emancipatory ethnography
مرتبط	6	6
خلاصه	Participatory Institutional Ethnography (PIE) combines Dorothy Smith's institutional ethnography with participatory research principles, positioning community members or service users as co-researchers who investigate how institutional relations, ruling texts, and organizational practices shape and often constrain their everyday lives. The approach aims both to produce knowledge about institutional coordination and to generate actionable change through collaborative inquiry.	Critical ethnography is a qualitative research approach that combines sustained fieldwork immersion with explicit critical theory to examine how power, inequality, and ideology shape the lived experiences of marginalised communities. Unlike conventional ethnography, which aims to describe a culture as it is, critical ethnography commits the researcher to questioning what is taken for granted and to producing knowledge that can serve as a resource for social change. Rooted in Frankfurt School critical theory and expanded through feminist, postcolonial, and race-critical traditions, it treats the research process itself as a political act.