مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	روش تحقیق ترتیبی اکتشافی مشارکتی ترکیبی	پژوهش کنشگر مشارکتی (PAR)
حوزه	طراحی پژوهش	کیفی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	2007–2011 (participatory variant codified in Creswell & Plano Clark's typology expansions)	1940s (Lewin); PAR as distinct tradition formalised ~1970s–1980s
پدیدآور	John W. Creswell & Vicki L. Plano Clark (exploratory sequential base); Donna M. Mertens (participatory/transformative lens)	Kurt Lewin (action research foundations, 1940s); systematised for participatory contexts by Orlando Fals Borda, Paulo Freire, and William Foote Whyte
نوع	Mixed methods research design	Qualitative research method
منبع بنیادین	Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications. ISBN: 978-1483344379	Kemmis, S., McTaggart, R., & Nixon, R. (2014). The Action Research Planner: Doing Critical Participatory Action Research. Springer.
نام‌های دیگر	participatory QUAN→QUAL design, community-based exploratory sequential design, participatory two-phase mixed methods, QUAL→QUAN participatory design	PAR, community-based participatory research, collaborative action research, participatory inquiry
مرتبط	5	6
خلاصه	Participatory exploratory sequential mixed methods is a two-phase design in which an initial qualitative phase — conducted with and by community members — generates findings that are used to build or refine a quantitative instrument or intervention, which is then tested in a second phase. The participatory lens ensures that affected communities co-own the research agenda, the data, and the interpretation throughout both phases.	Participatory Action Research (PAR) is a qualitative, community-centred methodology in which researchers and community members collaborate as co-investigators to identify a shared problem, take deliberate action, observe outcomes, and reflect critically on results — cycling iteratively until meaningful change is achieved. Unlike conventional research that studies people from the outside, PAR treats participants as active agents who co-own the research process, the knowledge produced, and the practical interventions that follow.