مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	قوم‌نگاری مشارکتی	پژوهش عملیاتی
حوزه	کیفی	پژوهش کیفی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1990s–2000s (collaborative turn); classical roots early 20th century	1946
پدیدآور	Rooted in classical ethnography (Malinowski, Boas); collaborative turn formalised by Luke Eric Lassiter and others in the 1990s–2000s	Kurt Lewin; expanded by Kemmis, McTaggart, Reason & Bradbury
نوع	Qualitative research design	Method
منبع بنیادین	Lassiter, L. E. (2005). The Chicago Guide to Collaborative Ethnography. University of Chicago Press. ISBN: 978-0226469058	Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2(4), 34–46.
نام‌های دیگر	collaborative ethnography, participatory fieldwork, engaged ethnography, community-based ethnography	Participatory Action Research, PAR, Collaborative Inquiry
مرتبط	5	1
خلاصه	Participatory ethnography is a qualitative research design in which community members are not merely subjects of study but active collaborators throughout the research process — from problem formulation and data collection to analysis and writing. Building on classical ethnographic fieldwork, it shifts the researcher–participant relationship toward genuine partnership, producing knowledge that is accountable to the communities from which it emerges.	Action research is a collaborative research methodology in which researchers work with practitioners and community members to investigate a problem, implement change, and evaluate outcomes, cycling through reflection, action, and learning. Developed by Kurt Lewin (1946), action research bridges research and practice, aiming simultaneously to produce knowledge and practical improvement.