مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	تحلیل گفتمان انتقادی مشارکتی	قوم‌نگاری
حوزه	کیفی	کیفی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1990s–2000s (emerged as integrated approach)	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)
پدیدآور	Draws on Ruth Wodak, Norman Fairclough (CDA) and Kurt Lewin, Orlando Fals Borda (participatory action research)	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology
نوع	Qualitative research design and analysis approach	Qualitative fieldwork tradition
منبع بنیادین	Wodak, R., & Meyer, M. (Eds.). (2001). Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis. Sage. ISBN: 978-0761961543	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462
نام‌های دیگر	PCDA, participatory CDA, collaborative critical discourse analysis, action-oriented CDA	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research
مرتبط	6	5
خلاصه	Participatory Critical Discourse Analysis (PCDA) integrates the ideology-exposing tools of Critical Discourse Analysis with the community-centred ethics of participatory action research. Researchers and community members jointly collect and analyse texts and talk to reveal how language constructs, legitimises, or contests unequal power relations — and then use those insights to drive concrete social change.	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.