مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	پژوهش کنشگر مشارکتی (PAR)	پژوهش گروه کانونی
حوزه	کیفی	کیفی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1940s (Lewin); PAR as distinct tradition formalised ~1970s–1980s	1940s (sociological origin); modern applied form from the 1980s–1990s
پدیدآور	Kurt Lewin (action research foundations, 1940s); systematised for participatory contexts by Orlando Fals Borda, Paulo Freire, and William Foote Whyte	Robert K. Merton (sociological precursor, 1940s); popularised in applied research by Richard A. Krueger
نوع	Qualitative research method	Qualitative data collection method
منبع بنیادین	Kemmis, S., McTaggart, R., & Nixon, R. (2014). The Action Research Planner: Doing Critical Participatory Action Research. Springer.	Krueger, R.A. & Casey, M.A. (2014). Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research (5th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1483365244
نام‌های دیگر	PAR, community-based participatory research, collaborative action research, participatory inquiry	focus group discussion, FGD, group interview, Odak Grup Araştırması
مرتبط	6	6
خلاصه	Participatory Action Research (PAR) is a qualitative, community-centred methodology in which researchers and community members collaborate as co-investigators to identify a shared problem, take deliberate action, observe outcomes, and reflect critically on results — cycling iteratively until meaningful change is achieved. Unlike conventional research that studies people from the outside, PAR treats participants as active agents who co-own the research process, the knowledge produced, and the practical interventions that follow.	Focus group research is a qualitative data-collection method in which a trained moderator guides structured discussions with homogeneous groups of six to ten participants to explore ideas, attitudes, and perceptions on a defined topic. Developed from sociological roots in the 1940s and systematised for applied research by Krueger and Casey, the method leverages group interaction as a data source — revealing not just what people think, but how they negotiate and articulate views in a social setting.