مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	مدل اثرات ثابت پانل	مدل اثرات ثابت
حوزه	اقتصادسنجی	اقتصادسنجی
خانواده	Regression model	Regression model
سال پیدایش	1978	1971–1978
پدیدآور	Mundlak (1978); classical treatment in Wooldridge (2010) and Baltagi (2021)	Mundlak (1978); Nerlove (1971); classical panel econometrics
نوع	Panel regression estimator	Panel regression estimator
منبع بنیادین	Wooldridge, J. M. (2010). Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data (2nd ed.). MIT Press. ISBN: 978-0262232586	Baltagi, B. H. (2021). Econometric Analysis of Panel Data (6th ed.). Springer. ISBN: 978-3030538002
نام‌های دیگر	within estimator, FE model, within-group estimator, LSDV model	FE model, within estimator, least squares dummy variable, LSDV regression
مرتبط	5	5
خلاصه	The panel fixed effects (FE) model controls for all time-invariant, unit-specific unobserved heterogeneity by absorbing it into individual intercepts. By sweeping out unit means through the within transformation, FE yields unbiased estimates of the effect of time-varying regressors even when omitted unit-level confounders are correlated with those regressors.	The fixed effects (FE) model is the workhorse estimator for panel data when unobserved unit-specific characteristics are suspected to correlate with the regressors. By absorbing each entity's time-invariant heterogeneity into a separate intercept, FE isolates the causal effect of within-unit variation and eliminates omitted-variable bias from time-constant confounders.