مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	مطالعه رویداد پانل در پژوهش آموزشی	تعمیم مقایسه تفاوت‌ها (Panel DiD / TWFE) به داده‌های پانل
حوزه	استنتاج علّی	استنتاج علّی
خانواده	Regression model	Regression model
سال پیدایش	1993 (general method); 2000s (education applications)	1985–2004
پدیدآور	Jacobson, LaLonde & Sullivan (1993); widely adopted in education economics from 2000s onward	Ashenfelter & Card (1985); codified by Angrist & Pischke (2009); serial correlation critique by Bertrand, Duflo & Mullainathan (2004)
نوع	Causal inference / panel regression	Causal inference / panel regression
منبع بنیادین	Jacobson, L. S., LaLonde, R. J., & Sullivan, D. G. (1993). Earnings Losses of Displaced Workers. American Economic Review, 83(4), 685-709.	Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J.-S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton University Press. ISBN: 978-0691120355
نام‌های دیگر	education event study, panel event-study design, education policy event study, school event study	Two-Way Fixed Effects DiD, TWFE, Panel DiD, Panel Diff-in-Diff
مرتبط	4	4
خلاصه	The panel event study is a causal-inference design that tracks outcomes for a panel of educational units — students, teachers, schools, or districts — across relative time periods around a well-defined event such as a policy change, school reform, or staffing transition. By estimating period-by-period treatment effects, it reveals not only whether an intervention mattered but also when effects appeared and how long they persisted, making it especially valued in education economics.	Panel Data Difference-in-Differences extends the classic two-period DiD design to settings with multiple units observed across many time periods. By absorbing unit-level fixed effects and time fixed effects simultaneously, it isolates the causal effect of a treatment or policy change while controlling for both time-invariant unit heterogeneity and common time shocks affecting all units.