مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	تطابق امتیاز تمایل داده‌های پانل	مدل اثرات ثابت داده‌های پانل
حوزه	استنتاج علّی	اقتصادسنجی
خانواده	Regression model	Regression model
سال پیدایش	1997-1998	2014
پدیدآور	Heckman, Ichimura & Todd	Hsiao (textbook treatment); within transformation of panel data
نوع	Matching / causal inference	Panel data regression
منبع بنیادین	Heckman, J. J., Ichimura, H., & Todd, P. (1998). Matching as an Econometric Evaluation Estimator. Review of Economic Studies, 65(2), 261-294.	Hsiao, C. (2014). Analysis of Panel Data (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
نام‌های دیگر	PSM with panel data, longitudinal PSM, panel PSM, difference-in-differences PSM	fixed effects model, within estimator, panel fixed-effects regression, Panel Veri — Sabit Etkiler Modeli
مرتبط	6	5
خلاصه	Panel data propensity score matching combines the bias-reduction of PSM with the longitudinal structure of panel data, enabling causal estimation of treatment effects by matching treated and control units on observable pre-treatment characteristics and then differencing within matched pairs over time. Developed in the framework of Heckman, Ichimura, and Todd (1998), it is especially valuable when randomisation is infeasible and both selection on observables and time-varying confounding must be addressed simultaneously.	The Panel Data Fixed Effects model estimates relationships from panel data (the same units observed over several time periods) while controlling for unit- and/or time-specific effects, supporting causal inference. It is developed as the within estimator in standard treatments such as Hsiao's Analysis of Panel Data (2014).