مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	مدل راش ترتیبی (مدل مقیاس درجه‌بندی و مدل اعتبار جزئی)	آزمون پایایی سنجش
حوزه	روان‌سنجی	روان‌سنجی
خانواده	Latent structure	Latent structure
سال پیدایش	1978–1982	2000
پدیدآور	David Andrich (RSM, 1978); Geoff Masters (PCM, 1982)	Vandenberg & Lance
نوع	Item response model for ordered categories	Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis procedure
منبع بنیادین	Andrich, D. (1978). A rating formulation for ordered response categories. Psychometrika, 43(4), 561–573.	Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature. Organizational Research Methods, 3(1), 4–70.
نام‌های دیگر	Rating Scale Model, Partial Credit Model, RSM, PCM	Factorial Invariance, Measurement Equivalence, Configural-Metric-Scalar Testing, Ölçüm Değişmezliği
مرتبط	6	3
خلاصه	The ordinal Rasch model extends the dichotomous Rasch framework to items with ordered response categories such as Likert-type scales. It places both persons and items on a shared interval-level metric, enabling principled measurement from ordinal data while checking whether items function consistently across all response thresholds.	Measurement invariance testing is a sequence of nested confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models that examines whether a psychological scale measures the same latent construct in the same way across distinct groups or time points. Systematized and popularized by Vandenberg and Lance (2000), the procedure tests a hierarchy of constraints — from identical factor patterns to identical item intercepts — so that researchers can justify meaningful group comparisons on latent means.