مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	مقیاس جهت‌گیری مقایسه اجتماعی آیووا-هلند	مقیاس استفاده منفعل از رسانه‌های اجتماعی
حوزه	روان‌شناسی رسانه‌های اجتماعی	روان‌شناسی رسانه‌های اجتماعی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1999	2018
پدیدآور	Frederick X. Gibbons and Bram P. Buunk	Jae-Won Hur (and related work by Verduyn, Valkenburg, and others)
نوع	Self-report	Self-report
منبع بنیادین	Gibbons, F. X., & Buunk, B. P. (1999). Individual differences in social comparison: Development of a scale of social comparison orientation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(1), 129–142.	Hur, J.-W. (2018). The impact of using social media on reducing social isolation. The Internet and Higher Education, 38, 21–28.
نام‌های دیگر	INCOM, Gibbons-Buunk	PSMUSES, Passive Use
مرتبط	4	4
خلاصه	The Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure (INCOM) is an 11-item self-report scale that assesses individual differences in the tendency to engage in social comparison—comparing oneself to others on abilities, attributes, and outcomes. Developed by Gibbons and Buunk in 1999, it captures both upward comparison (to those perceived as superior) and downward comparison (to those perceived as inferior), providing a trait-like measure of this fundamental social motivation.	The Passive Social Media Use Scale measures the extent to which individuals engage in passive consumption—scrolling, lurking, and observing others' content—versus active participation like posting, commenting, and messaging. Developed to distinguish between active (interactive) and passive (consumptive) social media behaviors, this scale recognizes that passive use patterns are associated with distinct psychological outcomes including reduced wellbeing and increased social comparison.