مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	مشاهده غیرمشارکتی	قوم‌نگاری	یادداشت‌های میدانی	مصاحبه ساختاریافته
حوزه	روش‌شناسی پیمایش	کیفی	روش‌شناسی پیمایش	روش‌شناسی پیمایش
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	Formalized mid-20th century (Gold 1958); practice dates to late 19th-century social surveys	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)	Late 19th century (formalized in 20th century)	1940s–1950s
پدیدآور	Raymond Gold (role typology); earlier roots in social survey movement and Chicago School sociology	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology	Rooted in 19th-century anthropology and sociology; systematized by ethnographers such as Bronislaw Malinowski and later Robert Emerson et al.	Survey research tradition; formalized by Campbell, Katona, and Kahn in mid-20th century
نوع	Qualitative / quantitative observational data collection	Qualitative fieldwork tradition	Qualitative data collection and recording technique	Quantitative / mixed data collection technique
منبع بنیادین	Gold, R. L. (1958). Roles in sociological field observations. Social Forces, 36(3), 217–223.	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462	Emerson, R. M., Fretz, R. I., & Shaw, L. L. (1995). Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. University of Chicago Press. ISBN: 978-0226206813	Fontana, A., & Frey, J. H. (2000). The interview: From structured questions to negotiated text. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research (2nd ed., pp. 645–672). Sage.
نام‌های دیگر	detached observation, systematic observation, structured field observation, external observation	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research	fieldnotes, observational notes, ethnographic notes, jottings	standardized interview, formal interview, schedule-based interview, fixed-format interview
مرتبط	5	5	6	4
خلاصه	Non-participant observation is a data-collection method in which the researcher observes behavior, interactions, or events in a natural or structured setting without joining or influencing the activity under study. The observer maintains a deliberate distance from participants to minimize their own effect on the phenomena being recorded, producing field notes, behavioral tallies, or recordings that reflect naturally occurring behavior rather than behavior shaped by researcher involvement.	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.	Field notes are detailed written records created by researchers during or immediately after direct observation in a naturalistic setting. They capture what is seen, heard, and experienced — including behaviors, interactions, physical environments, and the researcher's own analytic impressions — forming the primary data source for ethnographic and observational studies.	A structured interview is a data collection technique in which every participant is asked exactly the same pre-specified questions in the same order, using standardized wording. Because the interview schedule is fixed, responses across participants are directly comparable, enabling quantitative aggregation and statistical analysis. It sits at the most standardized end of the interview continuum, between the self-administered questionnaire and the semi-structured interview.