مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	نتنوگرافی	پژوهش کنشگر مشارکتی (PAR)
حوزه	کیفی	کیفی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1997 (coined); 2010 (first comprehensive methodology book)	1940s (Lewin); PAR as distinct tradition formalised ~1970s–1980s
پدیدآور	Robert V. Kozinets	Kurt Lewin (action research foundations, 1940s); systematised for participatory contexts by Orlando Fals Borda, Paulo Freire, and William Foote Whyte
نوع	Qualitative research method	Qualitative research method
منبع بنیادین	Kozinets, R. V. (2010). Netnography: Doing Ethnographic Research Online. Sage. ISBN: 978-1847875907	Kemmis, S., McTaggart, R., & Nixon, R. (2014). The Action Research Planner: Doing Critical Participatory Action Research. Springer.
نام‌های دیگر	online ethnography, virtual ethnography, cyber-ethnography, digital ethnography	PAR, community-based participatory research, collaborative action research, participatory inquiry
مرتبط	6	6
خلاصه	Netnography is a qualitative research method that adapts the principles of cultural ethnography to the study of online communities and social media environments. Coined by Robert Kozinets in 1997 and systematised in his 2010 handbook, netnography treats digital spaces — forums, social networks, blogs, review sites — as naturally occurring field sites where communities gather, share meanings, and construct identities. The method combines unobtrusive observation of digital traces with active participation and, where appropriate, direct member interaction.	Participatory Action Research (PAR) is a qualitative, community-centred methodology in which researchers and community members collaborate as co-investigators to identify a shared problem, take deliberate action, observe outcomes, and reflect critically on results — cycling iteratively until meaningful change is achieved. Unlike conventional research that studies people from the outside, PAR treats participants as active agents who co-own the research process, the knowledge produced, and the practical interventions that follow.