مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	Need to Belong Scale	مقیاس نیاز به شناخت
حوزه	روان‌شناسی اجتماعی	روان‌شناسی اجتماعی
خانواده	Latent structure	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	2013	1982
پدیدآور	Mark Leary and colleagues	John Cacioppo and Richard Petty
نوع	Self-report individual-difference scale	Intellectual engagement and cognitive motivation measure
منبع بنیادین	Leary, M. R., Kelly, K. M., Cottrell, C. A., & Schreindorfer, L. S. (2013). Construct validity of the Need to Belong Scale: Mapping the nomological network. Journal of Personality Assessment, 95(6), 610-624.	Cacioppo, J. T., & Petty, R. E. (1982). The need for cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42(1), 116–131.
نام‌های دیگر	NTBS, Belongingness Need Scale, Need for Belonging Measure	NCS, Cacioppo Need for Cognition, Intellectual Engagement Scale
مرتبط	3	3
خلاصه	The Need to Belong Scale (NTBS) is a brief self-report instrument that measures individual differences in the strength of a person's motivation to form and maintain social bonds. Grounded in Baumeister and Leary's belongingness hypothesis -- the claim that the need to belong is a fundamental human motive -- the scale asks respondents to rate agreement with statements about wanting acceptance, fearing rejection, and needing to feel connected. Leary, Kelly, Cottrell, and Schreindorfer's 2013 validation established its construct validity across nine studies, showing that need to belong correlates with but is distinct from related constructs such as affiliation motivation and extraversion, and predicts sensitivity to social cues and reactions to exclusion. It has become a standard moderator and individual-difference measure in research on rejection, ostracism, and social motivation.	The Need for Cognition Scale (NCS) is an 18-item measure assessing individual differences in the tendency to engage in and enjoy cognitive effort. Developed by John Cacioppo and Richard Petty in 1982, the NCS operationalizes need for cognition as a stable personality trait reflecting preference for thinking about complex problems, enthusiasm for intellectual pursuits, and intrinsic enjoyment of cognitive challenge. A brief 9-item version (NCS-9) is also available. The scale has become standard in psychology research examining motivation for learning, persuasion, decision-making, and academic achievement.