مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	قوم‌نگاری نهادی مبتنی بر موارد متعدد	قوم‌نگاری تطبیقی
حوزه	کیفی	کیفی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1987 (IE foundation); multi-case application developed through 1990s–2000s	1987–1995 (systematic comparative ethnography formalized)
پدیدآور	Dorothy E. Smith (institutional ethnography); multi-site adaptation by IE practitioners	George E. Marcus (multi-sited formulation); Charles C. Ragin (comparative logic)
نوع	Qualitative multi-site research design	Qualitative comparative research design
منبع بنیادین	Smith, D. E. (2005). Institutional Ethnography: A Sociology for People. AltaMira Press. ISBN: 978-0759105690	Marcus, G. E. (1995). Ethnography in/of the world system: The emergence of multi-sited ethnography. Annual Review of Anthropology, 24, 95–117.
نام‌های دیگر	multi-site institutional ethnography, comparative institutional ethnography, multi-case IE, multiple-site IE	multi-sited ethnography, cross-site ethnography, comparative field research, comparative participant observation
مرتبط	6	6
خلاصه	Multiple case-based institutional ethnography combines Dorothy E. Smith's institutional ethnography with a multi-site case structure, enabling researchers to trace how the same ruling relations, texts, and institutional processes operate across two or more distinct organizational or community settings. By holding the analytical framework constant while varying the site, this design reveals both the trans-local reach of ruling apparatus and the locally specific ways people navigate institutional coordination.	Comparative ethnography is a qualitative research design that conducts in-depth ethnographic fieldwork across two or more sites, groups, communities, or cultural settings in order to generate systematic comparisons. Rather than describing a single community in isolation, it traces similarities, differences, and interconnections across cases, producing theoretically grounded insights that no single site could yield alone.