مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	مشاهده مشارکتی چندمنبعی	قوم‌نگاری
حوزه	روش‌شناسی پیمایش	کیفی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1980s (building on early 20th-century fieldwork traditions)	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)
پدیدآور	Developed from classical participant observation traditions (Bronislaw Malinowski, Chicago School); multi-source extension codified by Hammersley & Atkinson and Spradley	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology
نوع	Qualitative data collection technique	Qualitative fieldwork tradition
منبع بنیادین	Spradley, J. P. (1980). Participant Observation. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN: 978-0030445019	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462
نام‌های دیگر	multi-site participant observation, triangulated participant observation, multi-vantage participant observation, MSPO	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research
مرتبط	3	5
خلاصه	Multi-source participant observation is a qualitative data collection technique in which the researcher is embedded within a social setting and systematically gathers observational data from multiple vantage points, sites, or informant roles simultaneously. By triangulating across sources, the method strengthens credibility and provides a richer, more complete picture of social phenomena than single-site observation alone.	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.