مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	Multi-Hazard Risk Assessment	Preliminary Hazard Analysis
حوزه	Disaster Studies	Disaster Studies
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	2012	2008
پدیدآور	Kappes, Keiler, von Elverfeldt & Glade (review synthesis); ISO/IEC 31010	Military system-safety practice (MIL-STD-882); codified in CCPS guidelines
نوع	Combined hazard-exposure-vulnerability risk pipeline for multiple perils	Early-stage qualitative hazard identification and ranking
منبع بنیادین	Kappes, M. S., Keiler, M., von Elverfeldt, K., & Glade, T. (2012). Challenges of analyzing multi-hazard risk: a review. Natural Hazards, 64(2), 1925-1958.	Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS). (2008). Guidelines for Hazard Evaluation Procedures (3rd ed.). Wiley-AIChE, Hoboken, NJ. ISBN: 9780471978152
نام‌های دیگر	Multi-Risk Assessment, Multi-Hazard Analysis, Combined Hazard Risk Assessment, Multi-Peril Risk Analysis	PHA, Preliminary Hazard List Analysis, Early Hazard Analysis, Conceptual Hazard Analysis
مرتبط	3	3
خلاصه	Multi-hazard risk assessment estimates and compares the risk that several distinct hazards pose to a shared set of people and assets, rather than studying each peril in isolation. Building on the risk-science convention that risk is the product of hazard, exposure and vulnerability, the approach characterizes each hazard's intensity-frequency behavior, overlays a common exposure inventory, applies hazard-specific vulnerability functions, and then aggregates the resulting losses across hazards. Kappes, Keiler, von Elverfeldt and Glade's 2012 review in Natural Hazards set out the central difficulties: hazards differ in their spatial footprint, return period, and measurement units, and they can interact through cascades and coincidences, so a defensible multi-hazard assessment must harmonize incompatible inputs and explicitly model how perils relate. ISO/IEC 31010 places the method within the standard toolbox of risk-assessment techniques used to support prioritization and treatment decisions.	Preliminary hazard analysis, or PHA, is an early-stage, qualitative technique for identifying the hazards inherent in a system before its design is detailed enough for more rigorous methods, and for ranking those hazards so that the riskiest receive attention first. Conducted in the concept or preliminary design phase, it works from the system's energy sources, hazardous materials, intended functions and operating environment to compile a hazard list, postulate how each hazard could lead to harm, and assign each a risk level from severity and likelihood ratings. The CCPS Guidelines for Hazard Evaluation Procedures present it as a foundational hazard-evaluation method, and ISO/IEC 31010 includes it among standard risk-assessment techniques. Because it is applied when changing the design is still cheap, the PHA's chief value is steering early design decisions and identifying which hazards warrant deeper study by methods such as HAZOP, FMEA or quantitative risk assessment.