مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	Motivated Reasoning Experiment	Need for Closure Scale
حوزه	روان‌شناسی سیاسی	روان‌شناسی سیاسی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	2006	1994
پدیدآور	Charles Taber & Milton Lodge	Donna M. Webster & Arie W. Kruglanski
نوع	Survey/lab experiment	Self-report individual-difference scale
منبع بنیادین	Taber, C. S., & Lodge, M. (2006). Motivated skepticism in the evaluation of political beliefs. American Journal of Political Science, 50(3), 755-769.	Webster, D. M., & Kruglanski, A. W. (1994). Individual differences in need for cognitive closure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(6), 1049-1062.
نام‌های دیگر	Directional Motivated Reasoning Study, Biased Assimilation Experiment, Disconfirmation Bias Paradigm	NFCS, Need for Cognitive Closure Scale, Webster-Kruglanski Scale
مرتبط	4	4
خلاصه	A motivated reasoning experiment tests whether people process political information to reach conclusions they are directionally motivated to hold rather than the most accurate ones. Building on Kunda's (1990) theory and crystallized by Taber and Lodge (2006), these designs expose partisans to attitude-congruent and incongruent arguments and measure biased assimilation, disconfirmation bias, attitude polarization, and selective exposure.	The Need for Cognitive Closure Scale, developed by Webster and Kruglanski (1994), measures a stable individual difference in the desire for a firm, definite answer to a question and an aversion to ambiguity and uncertainty. High need for closure is a key epistemic-motivation construct in political psychology, linked to conservatism, prejudice, intolerance of dissent, and resistance to belief change.