مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	Most Similar Systems Design	فرایند ردیابی (Process Tracing)	Qualitative Comparative Analysis
حوزه	Political Science	روان‌سنجی	Political Science
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Latent structure	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1970	2005	1987
پدیدآور	John Stuart Mill (method of difference); Przeworski & Teune (systems framing)	Alexander George, Andrew Bennett	Charles C. Ragin
نوع	Small-N comparative case-selection design	Qualitative causal inference	Set-theoretic, configurational comparative method
منبع بنیادین	Przeworski, A., & Teune, H. (1970). The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry. New York: Wiley-Interscience. ISBN: 9780471701422	Bennett, A., & Checkel, J. T. (Eds.). (2015). Process Tracing: From Metaphor to Analytic Tool. Cambridge University Press.	Ragin, C. C. (1987). The Comparative Method: Moving Beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Strategies. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN: 9780520058347
نام‌های دیگر	MSSD, Most similar cases design, Mill's method of difference, Comparable cases strategy	—	QCA, csQCA, fsQCA, Configurational comparative method
مرتبط	3	5	3
خلاصه	The most similar systems design (MSSD) is a small-N comparative strategy that selects cases as alike as possible on many background characteristics but differing on the outcome of interest. By matching cases so that most potential confounders are held roughly constant, the design isolates the few factors that vary alongside the outcome as the candidate causes. Rooted in John Stuart Mill's method of difference and named by Przeworski and Teune, it is a cornerstone of comparative politics for drawing causal inferences from a handful of countries or cases.	Process Tracing is a qualitative research method developed by George and Bennett (2005) for studying causal mechanisms and causal chains within individual cases. It involves examining the sequence of events and decision-making processes within a case to infer whether a hypothesized causal mechanism actually operated. Process tracing aims to strengthen causal inference in case studies by looking beyond correlation to understand how causes produce effects.	Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) is a set-theoretic, configurational method that identifies which combinations of conditions are necessary or sufficient for an outcome across a set of cases. Developed by Charles Ragin, it treats each case as a configuration of set memberships, builds a truth table of all logically possible combinations, and uses Boolean algebra to minimize them into the simplest expressions that account for the outcome. It bridges qualitative case knowledge and cross-case generalization, embracing causal complexity through conjunctural causation, equifinality, and asymmetry.