مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	ارزیابی آزمون غربالگری تطبیقی	مطالعه مورد-شاهدی
حوزه	اپیدمیولوژی	اپیدمیولوژی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1980s–2000s (formalized alongside diagnostic accuracy methodology)	1950s (formal methodology); precursors in the 1920s
پدیدآور	Methodological synthesis from matched case-control and diagnostic accuracy traditions (Pepe, Zhou, and others)	Janet Lane-Claypon (early precursors, 1926); formalized by Brian MacMahon and Jerome Cornfield in the 1950s–1960s
نوع	Observational diagnostic study with matched design	Observational analytic study design
منبع بنیادین	Pepe, M. S. (2003). The Statistical Evaluation of Medical Tests for Classification and Prediction. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0198509844	Schlesselman, J.J. (1982). Case-Control Studies: Design, Conduct, Analysis. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0195027860
نام‌های دیگر	matched diagnostic accuracy study, paired screening evaluation, matched-pair test performance study, matched screening assessment	case-referent study, case-control design, retrospective case-control, case-control analysis
مرتبط	6	6
خلاصه	Matched screening test evaluation assesses the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of a screening or diagnostic test using a matched design, in which disease-positive cases are paired with one or more disease-free controls selected to share key characteristics such as age, sex, or clinical setting. Matching controls for confounders before measuring test performance produces more precise and less biased estimates of diagnostic accuracy, and enables direct paired comparisons of competing tests within the same subjects.	A case-control study is a retrospective observational design in which individuals who have developed a disease or outcome of interest (cases) are compared with individuals who have not (controls) to determine whether prior exposure to a putative risk factor differs between the two groups. The primary measure of association is the odds ratio, which approximates the relative risk when the outcome is rare. Case-control studies are especially efficient for investigating rare diseases and generating etiological hypotheses.