مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	Magnetometry Survey	Intrasite Spatial Analysis
حوزه	باستان‌شناسی	باستان‌شناسی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1958	1976
پدیدآور	Martin Aitken & John Belshé (first archaeological magnetometer survey, 1958)	Ian Hodder & Clive Orton; activity-area approaches elaborated by Robert Whallon and others
نوع	Geophysical prospection pipeline mapping subsurface magnetic anomalies	Within-site spatial pipeline for detecting artifact clusters and activity areas
منبع بنیادین	Aspinall, A., Gaffney, C., & Schmidt, A. (2008). Magnetometry for Archaeologists. AltaMira Press. ISBN: 9780759111066	Hodder, I., & Orton, C. (1976). Spatial Analysis in Archaeology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 9780521210805
نام‌های دیگر	Archaeological Magnetometry, Magnetic Gradiometer Survey, Fluxgate Gradiometry, Magnetic Prospection	Within-Site Spatial Analysis, Activity-Area Analysis, Artifact Distribution Analysis, Intra-Site Spatial Patterning
مرتبط	2	2
خلاصه	Magnetometry survey is a non-invasive geophysical technique that maps buried archaeological features by detecting the tiny variations they produce in the Earth's magnetic field. Many human activities alter the magnetic properties of the ground: burning enhances the magnetism of soil in hearths and kilns, while pits and ditches filled with topsoil are more magnetic than the surrounding subsoil, and stone walls may be less magnetic. A magnetometer carried across a gridded survey area records these faint anomalies, which are processed into a plan-view image revealing the shape and arrangement of subsurface features without digging. First applied archaeologically by Martin Aitken and John Belshé in 1958 and developed into modern fluxgate and caesium gradiometry, magnetometry is among the fastest and most informative prospection methods, as detailed in Aspinall, Gaffney, and Schmidt's standard reference and in general texts such as Renfrew and Bahn.	Intrasite spatial analysis studies how artifacts and features are distributed within a single site or living floor in order to reconstruct how space was used. Where settlement-pattern analysis treats whole sites as points, intrasite analysis zooms in to the scatter of tools, debris, hearths, and structures across an excavated surface, asking whether particular artifact types cluster together, whether activities were spatially segregated, and where discrete activity areas lay. The toolkit ranges from density and kernel mapping through clustering methods such as k-means to dimensional analysis of variance, the grid-based technique designed to find the scale at which artifacts are patterned. Ian Hodder and Clive Orton's Spatial Analysis in Archaeology set out the statistical foundations, and Conolly and Lake show how GIS-based density and association methods extend them.