مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	ارزیابی طولی برنامه	تحلیل سری زمانی مقطع‌دار (ITS)	طراحی پژوهش طولی
حوزه	روش‌های میدانی	استنتاج علّی	طراحی پژوهش
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Regression model	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1960s–1970s (program evaluation); longitudinal designs formalized 1970s–1980s	2002	Late 19th–early 20th century; methodologically codified through the 20th century
پدیدآور	Peter Rossi, Michael Scriven, Donald Campbell (program evaluation tradition)	Wagner, Soumerai, Zhang & Ross-Degnan (segmented regression); Bernal, Cummins & Gasparrini (tutorial)	No single originator; foundational methodological treatments by Stuart Menard and Judith Singer & John Willett
نوع	Applied evaluation research design	Quasi-experimental segmented regression	Quantitative (or mixed) observational research design
منبع بنیادین	Rossi, P. H., Lipsey, M. W., & Freeman, H. E. (2004). Evaluation: A Systematic Approach (7th ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-0761908944	Bernal, J. L., Cummins, S., & Gasparrini, A. (2017). Interrupted time series regression for the evaluation of public health interventions: a tutorial. International Journal of Epidemiology, 46(1), 348-355.	Menard, S. (2002). Longitudinal Research (2nd ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-0761922841
نام‌های دیگر	LPE, longitudinal evaluation, long-term program evaluation, prospective program evaluation	ITS analysis, segmented regression of time series, Kesintili Zaman Serisi (ITS) Analizi	longitudinal study, longitudinal design, prospective longitudinal study, repeated-measures observational study
مرتبط	3	5	4
خلاصه	Longitudinal program evaluation is an applied research design that tracks the outcomes and processes of a program or intervention across multiple time points — from pre-implementation baseline through medium- and long-term follow-up. Unlike single-point evaluations, it captures how program effects emerge, fade, or evolve over time, enabling evaluators and funders to judge sustained impact, cost-effectiveness, and unintended consequences that would be invisible in a snapshot assessment.	Interrupted Time Series analysis is a quasi-experimental design that estimates the effect of a single, well-dated intervention by comparing the trajectory of an outcome before and after it occurs. Formalised as segmented regression by Wagner and colleagues (2002) and popularised as a public-health evaluation tutorial by Bernal, Cummins and Gasparrini (2017), it separates the intervention's impact into a change in level and a change in slope.	Longitudinal research is an observational design in which the same participants, groups, or units are measured repeatedly over an extended period. Rather than capturing a single snapshot, it tracks change, stability, and temporal sequencing of variables — making it the primary non-experimental strategy for studying development, growth, decline, and the unfolding of causal processes across time.