مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	قوم‌نگاری طولی	پژوهش مطالعه موردی	قوم‌نگاری	نظریه داده‌بنیاد	تحلیل روایی
حوزه	کیفی	کیفی	کیفی	پژوهش کیفی	کیفی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1920s (classical origins); refined 1990s–2000s	1984 (seminal codification)	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)	1967	1967 (foundational); 2008 (canonical handbook)
پدیدآور	Rooted in classical anthropological fieldwork (Malinowski, 1922); systematised for sociological revisits by Michael Burawoy (2003)	Robert K. Yin (systematised in Case Study Research, 1984)	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology	Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss	Catherine Kohler Riessman (seminal synthesis, 2008); roots in Labov & Waletzky (1967)
نوع	Qualitative research design	Qualitative research design	Qualitative fieldwork tradition	Method	Qualitative interpretive method
منبع بنیادین	Burawoy, M. (2003). Revisits: An outline of a theory of reflexive ethnography. American Sociological Review, 68(5), 645–679.	Yin, R.K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods (6th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1506336169	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462	Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Aldine.	Riessman, C.K. (2008). Narrative Methods for the Human Sciences. Sage.
نام‌های دیگر	extended ethnography, long-term fieldwork, sustained ethnographic study, longitudinal field research	Vaka Çalışması (Case Study), case study design, case study methodology	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research	GT, Grounded Theory Approach	narrative inquiry, life history analysis, biographical research, Anlatı Analizi (Narrative Analysis)
مرتبط	5	5	5	3	6
خلاصه	Longitudinal ethnography is a qualitative research design in which a researcher conducts sustained, repeated fieldwork with the same community, organisation, or group across an extended period — months to decades. By returning to the field at multiple time points, the researcher captures how social processes, meanings, and structures evolve, making it the only qualitative method capable of directly observing change and continuity in lived experience.	Case study research is a qualitative research design that investigates a specific phenomenon, individual, group, organisation, or event in depth within its real-world context. Systematised by Robert K. Yin in 1984, it supports single-case and multiple-case designs and draws on multiple data sources — interviews, observation, documents, and artefacts — to build a rich, contextualised account of a bounded unit.	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.	Grounded Theory (GT) is a systematic qualitative research methodology in which theory emerges directly from data through iterative analysis, rather than being imposed before data collection. Developed by Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss in 1967, GT prioritizes generating explanatory frameworks grounded in evidence.	Narrative analysis is a qualitative research method, synthesised canonically by Catherine Kohler Riessman (2008), that examines how individuals storise their lived experiences and construct meaning through the telling. Drawing on life history, biographical, and narrative inquiry traditions, it treats the story itself — not just its content — as the unit of analysis, attending to temporal sequence, plot structure, and the social context in which a narrative is produced.