مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	Leisure Motivation Scale	Leisure Boredom Scale
حوزه	Sport Leisure Studies	Sport Leisure Studies
خانواده	Latent structure	Latent structure
سال پیدایش	1983	1990
پدیدآور	Jacob G. Beard & Mounir G. Ragheb	Seppo Iso-Ahola & Ellen Weissinger
نوع	Latent-structure measurement model of leisure motivation	Unidimensional latent-construct self-report scale
منبع بنیادین	Beard, J. G., & Ragheb, M. G. (1983). Measuring Leisure Motivation. Journal of Leisure Research, 15(3), 219-228.	Iso-Ahola, S. E., & Weissinger, E. (1990). Perceptions of Boredom in Leisure: Conceptualization, Reliability and Validity of the Leisure Boredom Scale. Journal of Leisure Research, 22(1), 1-17.
نام‌های دیگر	LMS, Beard & Ragheb Leisure Motivation Scale, Leisure Motivation Inventory, Four-Motive Leisure Scale	LBS, Iso-Ahola-Weissinger Boredom Scale, Free-Time Boredom Measure, Perceived Leisure Boredom Scale
مرتبط	4	4
خلاصه	The Leisure Motivation Scale (LMS), developed by Jacob Beard and Mounir Ragheb in their 1983 Journal of Leisure Research article, measures the psychological and social reasons people give for participating in leisure. Building on Maslow's need theory and the leisure-needs literature, the scale reduces leisure motivation to four broad motives, each represented by twelve items: the intellectual motive (mental activity — learning, exploring, imagining), the social motive (friendship and interpersonal relationships, including the need for esteem), the competence-mastery motive (achievement, challenge, and the testing of skills), and the stimulus-avoidance motive (the drive to escape and to seek rest, solitude, and relaxation). Administered to 1,205 respondents and refined by item and factor analysis, the four subscales achieved reliabilities near .90 and became, alongside the companion Leisure Satisfaction Scale, the most widely used motivation measure in leisure studies and tourism.	The Leisure Boredom Scale (LBS) is a self-report instrument, developed by Seppo Iso-Ahola and Ellen Weissinger in 1990, that measures individual differences in the perception of free time as boring. Grounded in the idea that boredom arises from a mismatch between a person's need for optimal arousal and the stimulation their leisure provides, the scale treats perceived leisure boredom as a single underlying construct captured by a set of Likert-scaled items, originally sixteen, that respondents rate for agreement. Iso-Ahola and Weissinger reported strong internal consistency and construct validity across multiple samples, and subsequent work, such as Weissinger and colleagues' study of intrinsic motivation, established that leisure boredom relates negatively to intrinsic leisure motivation and to leisure satisfaction. The LBS has become a standard measure for studying who experiences free time as empty and unfulfilling and how that perception links to motivation, well-being, and problem behaviors.