مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	Lawshe Content Validity Ratio	Situational Judgment Test
حوزه	رفتار سازمانی	رفتار سازمانی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1975	1990
پدیدآور	Charles H. Lawshe	Stephan Motowidlo, Marvin Dunnette & Gary Carter
نوع	Quantitative content-validity index from expert ratings	Scenario-based judgment measurement procedure
منبع بنیادین	Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel Psychology, 28(4), 563-575.	Motowidlo, S. J., Dunnette, M. D., & Carter, G. W. (1990). An alternative selection procedure: The low-fidelity simulation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75(6), 640-647.
نام‌های دیگر	CVR, Content Validity Ratio, Lawshe Method, Content Validity Index	SJT, Situational Judgment Inventory, Low-Fidelity Simulation, Scenario-Based Test
مرتبط	3	3
خلاصه	The Lawshe content validity ratio (CVR) is a simple, quantitative method for judging whether the items of a test or measure actually represent the content they are meant to cover, based on the agreement of a panel of subject-matter experts. Charles Lawshe introduced it in 1975 to address a gap in personnel testing: content validity had long been treated as a matter of judgment with no number attached, leaving practitioners unable to defend item retention decisions objectively. Lawshe's insight was to ask experts a focused question, is this item essential, useful but not essential, or not necessary, and to convert the proportion who call an item essential into a ratio that ranges from minus one to plus one. Items whose CVR exceeds a critical value tied to panel size are retained, and the average CVR of retained items gives a content validity index for the whole instrument. The method's clarity made it a durable standard in test development. It is especially common in human resources, nursing, and health-measure validation.	A situational judgment test (SJT) is a personnel-assessment method that presents candidates with realistic work scenarios and a set of possible responses, then measures their judgment about what action is most effective. Stephan Motowidlo, Marvin Dunnette, and Gary Carter introduced the modern form in 1990 as a low-fidelity simulation, capturing the predictive power of work samples and assessment centers at a fraction of the cost by describing situations in writing rather than staging them. SJTs sit between abstract trait tests and full behavioral simulations, sampling the judgment that effective performance requires while remaining scalable and standardized. McDaniel, Hartman, Whetzel, and Grubb's 2007 meta-analysis established their criterion-related validity and showed that response instructions shape what they measure. Weekley and Ployhart's 2006 edited volume gave the field a comprehensive theoretical and practical treatment. SJTs are now widely used in selection across managerial, medical, and customer-facing roles.