مقایسهٔ روشها
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| قومنگاری نهادی× | پژوهش عملیاتی× | |
|---|---|---|
| حوزه≠ | کیفی | پژوهش کیفی |
| خانواده | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| سال پیدایش≠ | 1970s–1987 (developed through the 1970s–80s; consolidated in Smith 1987, 2005) | 1946 |
| پدیدآور≠ | Dorothy E. Smith | Kurt Lewin; expanded by Kemmis, McTaggart, Reason & Bradbury |
| نوع≠ | Qualitative research method | Method |
| منبع بنیادین≠ | Smith, D. E. (2005). Institutional Ethnography: A Sociology for People. AltaMira Press. ISBN: 978-0759105010 | Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2(4), 34–46. DOI ↗ |
| نامهای دیگر≠ | IE, sociology for people, institutional ethnographic inquiry, Smith's institutional ethnography | Participatory Action Research, PAR, Collaborative Inquiry |
| مرتبط≠ | 6 | 1 |
| خلاصه≠ | Institutional Ethnography (IE) is a qualitative research method developed by Canadian sociologist Dorothy E. Smith that investigates how people's everyday lives are shaped and coordinated by institutional texts, rules, and relations of power. Starting from the lived experience of individuals in a particular standpoint, IE traces the social organization that governs their work and troubles — revealing how macro-level institutions operate through the micro-level activities of real people. | Action research is a collaborative research methodology in which researchers work with practitioners and community members to investigate a problem, implement change, and evaluate outcomes, cycling through reflection, action, and learning. Developed by Kurt Lewin (1946), action research bridges research and practice, aiming simultaneously to produce knowledge and practical improvement. |
| ScholarGateمجموعهداده ↗ |
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