مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	کدگذاری زنده (In Vivo Coding)	قوم‌نگاری
حوزه	کیفی	کیفی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1967 (grounded theory origins); widely codified as a distinct method from the 1990s onward	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)
پدیدآور	Barney G. Glaser and Anselm L. Strauss (grounded theory tradition); systematised and named by Johnny Saldaña	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology
نوع	Qualitative research method	Qualitative fieldwork tradition
منبع بنیادین	Saldaña, J. (2021). The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers (4th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1529731743	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462
نام‌های دیگر	verbatim coding, literal coding, first-cycle in vivo coding, indigenous coding	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research
مرتبط	6	5
خلاصه	In vivo coding is a qualitative first-cycle coding strategy in which the researcher uses the participants' own words or short phrases verbatim as code labels, rather than imposing researcher-generated or theoretical language. The technique preserves the voice, meaning, and conceptual priorities of participants, making it especially valuable in grounded theory, phenomenology, and any study where honouring the emic (insider) perspective is central to analytic integrity.	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.