مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	Immigrant Earnings Assimilation	Segmented Assimilation Test
حوزه	Migration Studies	Migration Studies
خانواده	Regression model	Regression model
سال پیدایش	1978	1993
پدیدآور	Barry R. Chiswick; George J. Borjas	Alejandro Portes & Min Zhou
نوع	Earnings regression with years-since-migration profiles and cohort correction	Interaction-based regression test of divergent assimilation paths
منبع بنیادین	Chiswick, B. R. (1978). The Effect of Americanization on the Earnings of Foreign-Born Men. Journal of Political Economy, 86(5), 897-921.	Portes, A., & Zhou, M. (1993). The New Second Generation: Segmented Assimilation and Its Variants. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 530(1), 74-96.
نام‌های دیگر	Earnings Assimilation Profile, Years-Since-Migration Earnings Model, Chiswick-Borjas Cohort Method, Immigrant Wage Catch-Up Analysis	Segmented Assimilation Analysis, Modes of Incorporation Test, Divergent Assimilation Paths Model, Portes-Zhou Second-Generation Model
مرتبط	3	3
خلاصه	Immigrant earnings assimilation analysis asks how the wages of the foreign-born evolve relative to comparable natives as immigrants spend more years in the host country. Barry Chiswick's 1978 study established the canonical approach: regress log earnings on years since migration and human-capital controls, and interpret the upward years-since-migration profile as evidence that immigrants acquire host-country-specific skills, language, and labor-market knowledge, eventually 'overtaking' similar natives. George Borjas's 1985 critique exposed a deep flaw in reading this from a single cross-section: the positive slope could reflect not within-person growth but a decline in the unobserved quality of successive arrival cohorts, so that earlier, higher-earning immigrants merely make recent arrivals look like they are catching up. Borjas's remedy was to track fixed arrival cohorts across repeated cross-sections — synthetic cohorts — disentangling genuine assimilation from compositional change. The method thus has two layers: a within-survey earnings profile and a cross-survey correction that separates true wage growth from shifts in who is arriving. It remains the foundational empirical framework in the economics of immigration.	The segmented assimilation test, formalized by Alejandro Portes and Min Zhou in 1993, examines why the children of immigrants follow strikingly different trajectories rather than converging on a single mainstream path. Against the classic assumption that each generation moves steadily upward into the white middle class, Portes and Zhou argued that the second generation can take at least three divergent routes: upward assimilation into the mainstream, downward assimilation into a marginalized underclass, or selective acculturation in which families preserve co-ethnic ties and values while advancing economically. Which route a child takes depends not on individual effort alone but on the 'modes of incorporation' — the government policy, societal reception, and co-ethnic community structure that greet the group on arrival. Empirically the theory is tested by modeling second-generation outcomes as a function of parental human capital, context of reception, and community resources, and by probing the interactions among them. The presence of significant interaction effects, rather than a single additive ladder, is the signature of segmentation. The framework reoriented immigration research toward the structural conditions that channel mobility downward as well as upward.