مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	Immigrant Earnings Assimilation	Ethnic Enclave Effect Estimation
حوزه	Migration Studies	Migration Studies
خانواده	Regression model	Regression model
سال پیدایش	1978	1989
پدیدآور	Barry R. Chiswick; George J. Borjas	Alejandro Portes & Leif Jensen
نوع	Earnings regression with years-since-migration profiles and cohort correction	Earnings regression of returns to enclave-economy participation
منبع بنیادین	Chiswick, B. R. (1978). The Effect of Americanization on the Earnings of Foreign-Born Men. Journal of Political Economy, 86(5), 897-921.	Portes, A., & Jensen, L. (1989). The Enclave and the Entrants: Patterns of Ethnic Enterprise in Miami before and after Mariel. American Sociological Review, 54(6), 929-949.
نام‌های دیگر	Earnings Assimilation Profile, Years-Since-Migration Earnings Model, Chiswick-Borjas Cohort Method, Immigrant Wage Catch-Up Analysis	Enclave Economy Wage Effect, Ethnic Economy Returns Estimation, Portes-Jensen Enclave Model, Enclave Participation Effect Analysis
مرتبط	3	3
خلاصه	Immigrant earnings assimilation analysis asks how the wages of the foreign-born evolve relative to comparable natives as immigrants spend more years in the host country. Barry Chiswick's 1978 study established the canonical approach: regress log earnings on years since migration and human-capital controls, and interpret the upward years-since-migration profile as evidence that immigrants acquire host-country-specific skills, language, and labor-market knowledge, eventually 'overtaking' similar natives. George Borjas's 1985 critique exposed a deep flaw in reading this from a single cross-section: the positive slope could reflect not within-person growth but a decline in the unobserved quality of successive arrival cohorts, so that earlier, higher-earning immigrants merely make recent arrivals look like they are catching up. Borjas's remedy was to track fixed arrival cohorts across repeated cross-sections — synthetic cohorts — disentangling genuine assimilation from compositional change. The method thus has two layers: a within-survey earnings profile and a cross-survey correction that separates true wage growth from shifts in who is arriving. It remains the foundational empirical framework in the economics of immigration.	Ethnic enclave effect estimation measures the economic consequences of working within a co-ethnic enclave economy — a spatially concentrated cluster of immigrant-owned firms employing co-ethnic workers — rather than in the open secondary labor market. The framework was forged in the debate launched by Alejandro Portes and Leif Jensen's 1989 study of Miami's Cuban enclave before and after the Mariel boatlift, which asked whether enclave participation rewards immigrants and, crucially, whether it lets them convert their human capital into earnings the way the mainstream economy does. The central empirical object is the coefficient on an enclave-participation indicator in a log-earnings equation, together with the interaction between participation and human capital that reveals whether education and experience pay off inside the enclave. Because immigrants are not randomly sorted into the enclave, selection correction is essential, and how 'enclave' is defined — by residence, by ownership, or by employment in co-ethnic firms — sharply affects the conclusion. Portes and Zhou later folded the enclave into the broader theory of selective acculturation, where co-ethnic economies serve as a mobility ladder. The method remains the standard tool for testing whether ethnic economies trap or uplift their participants.