مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	تحقیق مبتنی بر آزمون فرض: طرح پژوهشی تأییدی کمی	پژوهش کمی اکتشافی
حوزه	طراحی پژوهش	طراحی پژوهش
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	Early 20th century (Fisher 1925; Neyman–Pearson 1933)	Mid-20th century (codified in social research methods texts c. 1950s–1970s)
پدیدآور	Karl Pearson, Ronald A. Fisher, Jerzy Neyman, Egon Pearson	Earl Babbie; John Creswell (systematic codification in social science methods)
نوع	Quantitative confirmatory research design	Non-experimental quantitative research design
منبع بنیادین	Kerlinger, F. N., & Lee, H. B. (1986). Foundations of Behavioral Research (3rd ed.). Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN: 978-0030417603	Babbie, E. (2021). The Practice of Social Research (15th ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN: 978-0357360767
نام‌های دیگر	hypothetico-deductive research, confirmatory quantitative research, null hypothesis significance testing, NHST design	quantitative exploratory design, exploratory survey research, initial quantitative investigation, preliminary quantitative study
مرتبط	4	4
خلاصه	Hypothesis testing research is a quantitative design in which the investigator derives one or more explicit, falsifiable propositions from theory, translates them into a null hypothesis (H0) and an alternative hypothesis (H1), collects empirical data, and then applies an inferential statistical test to decide whether the evidence is sufficient to reject H0. The approach is the dominant paradigm for confirmatory science across the social, behavioral, health, and natural sciences.	Exploratory quantitative research is a non-experimental design used when a phenomenon is insufficiently understood to support formal hypothesis testing. The researcher collects numerical data — typically through surveys, structured observation, or existing records — to describe distributions, detect patterns, and generate hypotheses that more targeted confirmatory studies can subsequently test. It occupies the first stage of a cumulative quantitative research programme.