مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	مقیاس امیدِ سرشتیِ بزرگسالان	آزمون جهت‌گیری زندگی بازنگری‌شده
حوزه	روان‌شناسی مثبت‌گرا	روان‌شناسی مثبت‌گرا
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1991	1994
پدیدآور	C. Rick Snyder	Michael Scheier and Charles Carver
نوع	Self-report questionnaire	Self-report questionnaire
منبع بنیادین	Snyder, C. R., Harris, C., Anderson, J. R., Holleran, S. A., Irving, L. M., Sigmon, S. T., ... & Harney, P. (1991). The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(4), 570–585.	Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing coping strategies from coping styles: A health psychological perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(6), 1061–1078.
نام‌های دیگر	Hope Scale, Adult Hope Scale	LOT-R
مرتبط	4	4
خلاصه	The Adult Dispositional Hope Scale, developed by C. Rick Snyder in 1991, is a 12-item measure assessing hope as a cognitive motivational system composed of two independent dimensions: Agency (the motivation and determination to pursue goals) and Pathways (the ability to generate routes to achieve those goals). Grounded in hope theory, the scale operationalizes hope not as wishful thinking but as an actionable psychological state combining goal-directed determination with flexible problem-solving.	The Life Orientation Test – Revised (LOT-R) is a 10-item measure of dispositional optimism developed by Scheier, Carver, and Bridges in 1994. It assesses the general expectancy that good things (versus bad things) will happen in the future. Optimism, as measured by the LOT-R, predicts coping success, health outcomes, and psychological well-being independent of self-efficacy or other personality factors. The revised version addressed psychometric concerns in the original 1985 LOT, improving clarity and reducing item ambiguity.