مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	مقیاس اضطراب و افسردگی بیمارستان (HADS)	مقیاس افسردگی مرکز مطالعات اپیدمیولوژیک (CES-D)	مقیاس رتبه‌بندی اضطراب همیلتون (HAM-A)
حوزه	روان‌شناسی بالینی	روان‌شناسی بالینی	روان‌شناسی بالینی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1983	1977	1959
پدیدآور	Andrew S. Zigmond and Richard P. Snaith	Lenore Sawyer Radloff	Max Hamilton
نوع	Anxiety and depression screening in medical populations	Community-based depression assessment	Clinician-administered anxiety assessment
منبع بنیادین	Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67(6), 361-370.	Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401.	Hamilton, M. (1959). The assessment of anxiety states by rating. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 32(1), 50-55.
نام‌های دیگر	HADS, HADS-A, HADS-D	CES-D, CESD	HAM-A, HARS
مرتبط	4	5	5
خلاصه	The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is a 14-item self-report instrument measuring anxiety and depression symptoms in medically ill populations. Developed by Zigmond and Snaith in 1983, the HADS was specifically designed for hospital and general medical settings where somatic symptoms of medical illness may confound assessment. It remains the standard anxiety-depression measure in medical, oncology, and cardiac populations worldwide.	The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is a 20-item self-report instrument for measuring depressive symptoms in the general population. Developed by Lenore Radloff in 1977, the CES-D was designed for epidemiological research to rapidly identify depression in community samples. It remains a widely used measure in public health, aging research, and longitudinal cohort studies worldwide.	The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) is a clinician-administered assessment tool for quantifying the severity of anxiety symptoms in adults. Developed by Max Hamilton in 1959, it remains one of the most widely used instruments for evaluating anxiety in clinical and research settings. The scale measures both psychological and somatic manifestations of anxiety across 14 items.