مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	مدل گردش عمومی	شاخص استاندارد بارش
حوزه	ژئوفیزیک	ژئوفیزیک
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1975	1993
پدیدآور	Syukuro Manabe and Richard Wetherald	Thomas McKee, Neil Doesken, and John Kleist
نوع	Deterministic coupled atmosphere-ocean simulation	Probabilistic drought indicator
منبع بنیادین	Manabe, S., & Wetherald, R. T. (1975). The effects of doubling the CO2 concentration on the climate of a general circulation model. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 32(1), 3-15.	McKee, T. B., Doesken, N. J., & Kleist, J. (1993). The relationship of drought frequency and duration to time scales. Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Applied Climatology, 179-184.
نام‌های دیگر	GCM, Global Climate Model	SPI
مرتبط	3	3
خلاصه	A General Circulation Model (GCM), also called a Global Climate Model, is a three-dimensional numerical representation of the Earth's atmosphere, oceans, ice, and land surface that simulates physical processes governing weather and climate. Pioneered by Manabe and Wetherald in 1975, GCMs are the primary tools for understanding past climate, projecting future climate change, and investigating climate sensitivity to greenhouse gases and other forcings.	The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) is a climate index that quantifies precipitation anomalies relative to historical norms, standardized to account for differences in precipitation climatology across regions. Introduced by McKee, Doesken, and Kleist in 1993, SPI has become a primary tool for drought detection and characterization, adopted by meteorological agencies worldwide for operational drought monitoring and early warning systems.