مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	Free Listing	Pile Sorting
حوزه	Anthropology	Anthropology
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1988	1988
پدیدآور	Cognitive anthropology tradition (formalized by Weller & Romney; Borgatti)	Cognitive anthropology tradition (Weller & Romney; Borgatti)
نوع	Elicitation procedure for the items and salience of a cultural domain	Elicitation procedure for perceived similarity among domain items
منبع بنیادین	Weller, S. C., & Romney, A. K. (1988). Systematic Data Collection. Qualitative Research Methods Series 10. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. ISBN: 9780803930742	Weller, S. C., & Romney, A. K. (1988). Systematic Data Collection. Qualitative Research Methods Series 10. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. ISBN: 9780803930742
نام‌های دیگر	Free Lists, Free-List Task, Free Recall Listing, Freelisting	Pile Sort Task, Free Pile Sort, Card Sorting (ethnographic), Sorting Task
مرتبط	4	4
خلاصه	Free listing is a foundational elicitation technique in cognitive anthropology in which informants are asked to name, in any order, all the items they can think of that belong to a cultural domain — for example 'all the kinds of fruit' or 'all the things that can give you a cold.' Aggregating these lists reveals both the content of the domain (which items belong) and the salience of each item (how culturally central it is), inferred from how frequently and how early it is mentioned.	Pile sorting is an elicitation technique in which informants are handed a set of cards — one per item in a cultural domain — and asked to group them into piles of items that 'go together.' By recording which items each person places in the same pile and aggregating across many informants, the researcher builds a similarity matrix that reveals how the culture organizes the domain, which is then visualized with multidimensional scaling and clustering.