مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	گزارش‌دهی شکل و جدول: استانداردهای بصری‌سازی داده‌ها	راهنمای سبک APA: استنادهای درون‌متنی و قالب‌بندی منابع
حوزه	نگارش دانشگاهی	نگارش دانشگاهی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1983	1957
پدیدآور	Tufte (visual communication theory), ICMJE standards, APA style guide	American Psychological Association (founded 1892)
نوع	Guideline	Standard
منبع بنیادین	American Psychological Association (2020). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. ISBN: 978-1-4338-3216-1	American Psychological Association (2020). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. ISBN: 978-1-4338-3216-1
نام‌های دیگر	data visualization, table design, figure captions	APA 7th edition, APA citation, author-date citation
مرتبط	4	4
خلاصه	Tables and figures are the primary means of presenting research data in scientific manuscripts. A well-designed table or figure enables readers to grasp complex data patterns instantly; a poorly designed one obscures findings or misleads. The ICMJE Recommendations and APA Publication Manual establish standards for table and figure formatting, captions, legends, and referencing. Tables are best used for precise numerical values and comparisons across rows and columns; figures (graphs, plots, images) are better for illustrating trends, relationships, or distributions. Both must be self-contained (understandable without consulting the text) and referenced clearly in the manuscript.	APA (American Psychological Association) Style is a citation and formatting standard widely used in psychology, education, social sciences, and increasingly in health sciences. APA uses author-date in-text citations (e.g., Smith, 2021) linked to a reference list at the end of the manuscript. The 7th edition (2020) is the current standard and requires DOI (Digital Object Identifier) for all works that have one. APA style covers not only citations but also manuscript formatting (margins, spacing, headings, figure captions), promoting consistency and clarity across scholarly communication.