مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	ارزیابی میدانی برنامه‌ها	قوم‌نگاری
حوزه	روش‌های میدانی	کیفی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1970s–1980s (field methods integration with evaluation practice)	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)
پدیدآور	Michael Q. Patton; Peter H. Rossi and Howard E. Freeman	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology
نوع	Applied evaluation research	Qualitative fieldwork tradition
منبع بنیادین	Rossi, P. H., Lipsey, M. W., & Freeman, H. E. (2004). Evaluation: A Systematic Approach (7th ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-0761908944	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462
نام‌های دیگر	naturalistic program evaluation, field evaluation, on-site program evaluation, field-based evaluation	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research
مرتبط	6	5
خلاصه	Field-based program evaluation is an applied research method that assesses the implementation, outcomes, and value of a program by collecting data directly in the natural setting where the program operates. Rather than relying solely on administrative records or remote surveys, evaluators embed themselves in the field — observing activities, interviewing stakeholders on-site, and reviewing context-specific documents — to produce evidence-grounded judgments about program merit and worth.	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.