مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	پدیدارشناسی مبتنی بر میدان	قوم‌نگاری
حوزه	کیفی	کیفی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1980s–1990s (van Manen's synthesis; broader tradition from early 20th century)	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)
پدیدآور	Max van Manen (systematic field application); rooted in Husserl and Heidegger	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology
نوع	Qualitative research approach	Qualitative fieldwork tradition
منبع بنیادین	van Manen, M. (1990). Researching Lived Experience: Human Science for an Action Sensitive Pedagogy. State University of New York Press. ISBN: 978-0791404508	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462
نام‌های دیگر	naturalistic phenomenology, field phenomenology, phenomenological fieldwork, in-situ phenomenological inquiry	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research
مرتبط	6	5
خلاصه	Field-based phenomenology is a qualitative approach that investigates the lived experience of a phenomenon by collecting data in the natural environments where that experience actually unfolds — rather than exclusively in interview rooms. Drawing on the phenomenological tradition of Husserl and Heidegger, and systematised by Max van Manen, it combines sustained fieldwork observation with open-ended, in-situ conversation to capture the experiential texture of phenomena as participants encounter them in everyday life.	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.