مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	نظریه داده‌بنیاد میدانی	پژوهش مطالعه موردی	قوم‌نگاری
حوزه	کیفی	کیفی	کیفی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1967 (original GT); field-based variant developed through 1980s–2000s	1984 (seminal codification)	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)
پدیدآور	Kathy Charmaz (constructivist extension); Barney Glaser & Anselm Strauss (original grounded theory)	Robert K. Yin (systematised in Case Study Research, 1984)	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology
نوع	Qualitative research design and analysis approach	Qualitative research design	Qualitative fieldwork tradition
منبع بنیادین	Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide through Qualitative Analysis. Sage. ISBN: 978-0761973539	Yin, R.K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods (6th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1506336169	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462
نام‌های دیگر	constructivist grounded theory, ethnographic grounded theory, situational grounded theory, field grounded theory	Vaka Çalışması (Case Study), case study design, case study methodology	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research
مرتبط	6	5	5
خلاصه	Field-based grounded theory integrates sustained fieldwork — participant observation, field notes, and naturalistic data collection — with the iterative coding and theoretical sampling procedures of classic grounded theory. Where standard grounded theory typically relies on interview transcripts, the field-based variant anchors theory generation in direct, prolonged observation of naturally occurring social processes in context. The result is a substantive theory that is grounded in both what people say and what they actually do in their everyday settings.	Case study research is a qualitative research design that investigates a specific phenomenon, individual, group, organisation, or event in depth within its real-world context. Systematised by Robert K. Yin in 1984, it supports single-case and multiple-case designs and draws on multiple data sources — interviews, observation, documents, and artefacts — to build a rich, contextualised account of a bounded unit.	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.