مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	قوم‌نگاری میدانی	قوم‌نگاری دیجیتال	قوم‌نگاری طولی
حوزه	کیفی	کیفی	کیفی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	Early 20th century (Malinowski 1922; Geertz 1973)	Late 1990s – 2000s	1920s (classical origins); refined 1990s–2000s
پدیدآور	Bronislaw Malinowski; Clifford Geertz (interpretive tradition)	Christine Hine (virtual ethnography); Robert V. Kozinets (netnography)	Rooted in classical anthropological fieldwork (Malinowski, 1922); systematised for sociological revisits by Michael Burawoy (2003)
نوع	Qualitative research design	Qualitative research method	Qualitative research design
منبع بنیادین	Geertz, C. (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures. Basic Books. ISBN: 978-0465097197	Kozinets, R. V. (2010). Netnography: Doing Ethnographic Research Online. Sage. ISBN: 978-1847875228	Burawoy, M. (2003). Revisits: An outline of a theory of reflexive ethnography. American Sociological Review, 68(5), 645–679.
نام‌های دیگر	fieldwork ethnography, immersive ethnography, ethnographic fieldwork, site-based ethnography	online ethnography, virtual ethnography, internet ethnography, netnography	extended ethnography, long-term fieldwork, sustained ethnographic study, longitudinal field research
مرتبط	6	6	5
خلاصه	Field-based ethnography is a qualitative research design in which the researcher immerses themselves in a social setting or community over an extended period, observing and participating in everyday life to understand cultural practices, meanings, and social dynamics from an insider perspective. It is the classical form of ethnography, grounded in sustained physical presence at a research site, and distinguished from archival, virtual, or document-only approaches by its central reliance on direct, embodied fieldwork.	Digital ethnography is a qualitative research method that adapts traditional ethnographic fieldwork to online and digitally mediated settings. Drawing on sustained participant observation, document collection, and sometimes interviews, the researcher immerses themselves in one or more digital communities — social media platforms, forums, gaming spaces, or messaging groups — to understand how culture, identity, and social practice are constructed through digital interaction. The approach recognises that online spaces are not merely reflections of offline life but distinctive sites of cultural production in their own right.	Longitudinal ethnography is a qualitative research design in which a researcher conducts sustained, repeated fieldwork with the same community, organisation, or group across an extended period — months to decades. By returning to the field at multiple time points, the researcher captures how social processes, meanings, and structures evolve, making it the only qualitative method capable of directly observing change and continuity in lived experience.