مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	قوم‌نگاری میدانی	پژوهش مطالعه موردی	قوم‌نگاری طولی
حوزه	کیفی	کیفی	کیفی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	Early 20th century (Malinowski 1922; Geertz 1973)	1984 (seminal codification)	1920s (classical origins); refined 1990s–2000s
پدیدآور	Bronislaw Malinowski; Clifford Geertz (interpretive tradition)	Robert K. Yin (systematised in Case Study Research, 1984)	Rooted in classical anthropological fieldwork (Malinowski, 1922); systematised for sociological revisits by Michael Burawoy (2003)
نوع	Qualitative research design	Qualitative research design	Qualitative research design
منبع بنیادین	Geertz, C. (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures. Basic Books. ISBN: 978-0465097197	Yin, R.K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods (6th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1506336169	Burawoy, M. (2003). Revisits: An outline of a theory of reflexive ethnography. American Sociological Review, 68(5), 645–679.
نام‌های دیگر	fieldwork ethnography, immersive ethnography, ethnographic fieldwork, site-based ethnography	Vaka Çalışması (Case Study), case study design, case study methodology	extended ethnography, long-term fieldwork, sustained ethnographic study, longitudinal field research
مرتبط	6	5	5
خلاصه	Field-based ethnography is a qualitative research design in which the researcher immerses themselves in a social setting or community over an extended period, observing and participating in everyday life to understand cultural practices, meanings, and social dynamics from an insider perspective. It is the classical form of ethnography, grounded in sustained physical presence at a research site, and distinguished from archival, virtual, or document-only approaches by its central reliance on direct, embodied fieldwork.	Case study research is a qualitative research design that investigates a specific phenomenon, individual, group, organisation, or event in depth within its real-world context. Systematised by Robert K. Yin in 1984, it supports single-case and multiple-case designs and draws on multiple data sources — interviews, observation, documents, and artefacts — to build a rich, contextualised account of a bounded unit.	Longitudinal ethnography is a qualitative research design in which a researcher conducts sustained, repeated fieldwork with the same community, organisation, or group across an extended period — months to decades. By returning to the field at multiple time points, the researcher captures how social processes, meanings, and structures evolve, making it the only qualitative method capable of directly observing change and continuity in lived experience.