مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	نظریه داده‌بنیاد سازه‌انگارانه مبتنی بر میدان	قوم‌نگاری
حوزه	کیفی	کیفی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	2000s (Charmaz 2006; fully articulated by 2014)	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)
پدیدآور	Kathy Charmaz (constructivist variant); fieldwork orientation drawn from symbolic interactionist tradition	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology
نوع	Qualitative research design and analytic approach	Qualitative fieldwork tradition
منبع بنیادین	Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis. Sage. ISBN: 978-0761973522	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462
نام‌های دیگر	field-based CGT, constructivist GT with fieldwork, situated grounded theory, Charmaz-field grounded theory	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research
مرتبط	5	5
خلاصه	Field-based constructivist grounded theory integrates Kathy Charmaz's constructivist grounded theory with active fieldwork in natural settings. Rather than relying solely on retrospective interviews, the researcher enters the participants' world — observing, interacting, and collecting data where social processes unfold — while simultaneously coding and building theory. The result is a grounded substantive theory that is both empirically anchored in real contexts and epistemologically co-constructed between researcher and participants.	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.