مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	دفتر یادداشت پژوهش حضوری	قوم‌نگاری
حوزه	روش‌شناسی پیمایش	کیفی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1981–1989 (systematic articulation in qualitative fieldwork literature)	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)
پدیدآور	Robert G. Burgess (systematic research diary in fieldwork); Mary Louise Holly (professional journal writing)	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology
نوع	Qualitative data collection and reflexivity tool	Qualitative fieldwork tradition
منبع بنیادین	Holly, M. L. (1989). Writing to Grow: Keeping a Personal-Professional Journal. Heinemann. ISBN: 978-0435084592	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462
نام‌های دیگر	in-person research journal, fieldwork reflexive diary, face-to-face researcher journal, in-person reflexive log	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research
مرتبط	6	5
خلاصه	A face-to-face research diary is a systematic reflexive log maintained by the researcher during in-person fieldwork. Unlike participant diaries, this is the researcher's own running record of observations, analytic thoughts, methodological decisions, and emotional responses captured during or immediately after direct, embodied encounters with participants or field settings. It serves simultaneously as a data source, an audit trail, and a reflexivity instrument within qualitative research.	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.