مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	تکنیک دلفی رو در رو	گروه کانونی رو در رو
حوزه	روش‌شناسی پیمایش	روش‌شناسی پیمایش
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1950s–1963	1940s (Merton & Lazarsfeld); systematised 1980s–1990s
پدیدآور	Norman Dalkey and Olaf Helmer (RAND Corporation)	Robert K. Merton and Paul Lazarsfeld (focused interview); Richard Krueger and David Morgan (applied focus group methodology)
نوع	Structured expert-consensus method	Qualitative group data-collection technique
منبع بنیادین	Dalkey, N., & Helmer, O. (1963). An experimental application of the Delphi method to the use of experts. Management Science, 9(3), 458–467.	Krueger, R. A., & Casey, M. A. (2015). Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research (5th ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-1483365244
نام‌های دیگر	in-person Delphi, face-to-face Delphi, conventional Delphi, FtF Delphi	in-person focus group, FGD, co-located focus group, face-to-face FGD
مرتبط	5	5
خلاصه	The face-to-face Delphi Technique is a structured, iterative consensus-building method conducted through in-person sessions with a purposively selected panel of experts. Across multiple rounds, panelists independently respond to structured questionnaires, receive aggregated group feedback, and revise their judgments until acceptable consensus is reached. The face-to-face format adds direct interpersonal interaction while preserving the anonymity of individual ratings within each round.	A face-to-face focus group is a structured, moderated group discussion conducted in a shared physical space, typically with 6–10 participants who are selected because they share a relevant characteristic. The moderator follows a semi-structured topic guide to elicit opinions, perceptions, and experiences. Unlike surveys, focus groups capture social interaction — agreement, disagreement, and the group dynamics through which attitudes are formed and expressed.