مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	قوم‌نگاری	مصاحبه ساختاریافته
حوزه	کیفی	روش‌شناسی پیمایش
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)	1940s–1950s
پدیدآور	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology	Survey research tradition; formalized by Campbell, Katona, and Kahn in mid-20th century
نوع	Qualitative fieldwork tradition	Quantitative / mixed data collection technique
منبع بنیادین	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462	Fontana, A., & Frey, J. H. (2000). The interview: From structured questions to negotiated text. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research (2nd ed., pp. 645–672). Sage.
نام‌های دیگر	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research	standardized interview, formal interview, schedule-based interview, fixed-format interview
مرتبط	5	4
خلاصه	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.	A structured interview is a data collection technique in which every participant is asked exactly the same pre-specified questions in the same order, using standardized wording. Because the interview schedule is fixed, responses across participants are directly comparable, enabling quantitative aggregation and statistical analysis. It sits at the most standardized end of the interview continuum, between the self-administered questionnaire and the semi-structured interview.