مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	قوم‌نگاری	پدیدارشناسی
حوزه	کیفی	کیفی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)	Early 20th century (Husserl ~1900–1913; Heidegger ~1927)
پدیدآور	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology	Edmund Husserl (transcendental); Martin Heidegger (hermeneutic)
نوع	Qualitative fieldwork tradition	Qualitative research approach
منبع بنیادین	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462	Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological Research Methods. Sage. ISBN: 978-0803957466
نام‌های دیگر	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research	Fenomenoloji, phenomenological inquiry, phenomenological analysis
مرتبط	5	6
خلاصه	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.	Phenomenology is a qualitative research approach that investigates how participants live through and make sense of a specific experience. Rooted in the philosophy of Edmund Husserl and extended by Martin Heidegger, it aims to reveal the essential structures of lived experience rather than to measure or predict outcomes. The two most widely applied variants are Husserl's transcendental phenomenology, which seeks universal essences, and Heidegger's hermeneutic phenomenology, which emphasises interpretation within context.